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Other ecological effects include overpopulation of small fish, which find shelter in the plants, and the creation of breeding habitats for some mosquito species.

Aquatic flora consume oxygen at night thus, excessive weed growth can deprive fish and other aquatic animals of this vital resource, leading to their death. Indirect economic effects include reduced property values and reduced revenue from impacted businesses. Adverse economic impacts include: impairing recreational activities (fishing, swimming, and boating) flooding caused by reduced drainage hindering boat navigation blocking water intakes for hydroelectric turbines, drinking water, and irrigation and reducing the potability of fresh water due to foul taste and odor. While native aquatic plants are essential components of aquatic ecosystems, non-native invasive species can expand rapidly throughout water bodies and cause severe economic and ecological impacts ( Figure 1). Employing deep learning, the novel software achieved a classification accuracy of 99.06% after training. Geotagged hydroacoustic imagery of three aquatic plant varieties ( Hydrilla, Cabomba, and Coontail) was collected and used to create a software pipeline for subsurface aquatic weed classification and distribution mapping. These capabilities aim to minimize manual labor and provide more efficient, safe (reduced chemical exposure to personnel), and timely weed management. To address current deficiencies in aquatic weed management, this paper details the development of a small fleet of fully autonomous boats capable of subsurface hydroacoustic imaging (to scan aquatic vegetation), machine learning (for automated weed identification), and herbicide deployment (for vegetation control). While mechanical, chemical, and biological methods exist for the identification and treatment of these invasive species, they are manually intensive, inefficient, costly, and can cause collateral ecological damage. Invasive aquatic plant species can expand rapidly throughout water bodies and cause severely adverse economic and ecological impacts.